Evaluating human–machine collaboration through a comparative analysis of experts, machine learning, and hybrid approaches in real estate valuation

Abstract Accurate prediction of real estate prices remains a major challenge due to dynamic market conditions and the limitations of traditional valuation methods. Empirical studies that directly compare human experts, machine learning (ML) models, and hybrid approaches are rare. This study examines the predictive accuracy and efficiency of an XGBoost-based ML model, real estate experts, and a hybrid human–machine approach. A model was trained using 21,736 real estate transactions from Vienna (2018–2022). We then conducted an experimental procedure with 13 experts who evaluated newly built apartments sold in 2023 under three conditions: limited information, state-of-the-art expert methods, and collaboration between experts and ML model. The results show that the ML model achieves accuracy comparable to that of experts while significantly reducing the time required for the task. Within the hybrid approach, experts were able to achieve the highest accuracy in comparison to other methods. These results underscore the potential of human-ML collaboration.