Agroforestry is widely promoted to address biodiversity loss and climate risks in cocoa systems, yet large-scale tree-planting programmes often fall short. Evidence form Côte d’Ivoire shows that managing the complementarity of remnant, spontaneous and planted trees at field level strengthens biodiversity, carbon storage, field productivity and the long-term sustainability of cocoa farming.
N’Guessan et al. (2026) studied this question.