Pattern Formation in Cell Cultures

Pattern formation, or the emergence of spatial order and fate specification from initially homogeneous cell populations, is a fundamental problem in developmental biology and biophysics. In vitro cell culture platforms now provide powerful tools to investigate the mechanisms of pattern formation under controlled conditions. In this review, we present an integrated perspective on recent advances in pattern formation studies across a diverse array of in vitro systems, organized thematically by the experimental platforms they employ and the underlying principles they reveal, ranging from biochemical gradients to dynamic signaling and mechanochemical feedback. We discuss how these systems recapitulate principles such as morphogen gradients and reaction–diffusion dynamics while enabling mechanistic dissection of self-organization. Particular emphasis is placed on stem cell–based models of early human development that provide unique access to early developmental patterning. We further explore how dynamic signaling, collective behavior, and multisignal integration define emergent patterning phenomena. Finally, we outline future challenges and opportunities in combining theoretical and experimental approaches to model and engineer spatial organization in multicellular systems.