This article analyses structural inequalities and policy responses to discrimination in Spain through a critical documentary analysis of the Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) country reports (2014–2022). Discrimination disproportionately affects racialised and minority groups, impacting economic mobility, social cohesion, and mental health. While Spain has implemented measures to address these challenges, enforcement remains a critical issue. This study follows FRA's methodology, drawing on national surveys, legal frameworks, reports from public and civil organisations, and digital regulations to assess Spain's progress and limitations. Privileged access to FRA's unpublished reports – as FRANET contractors for Spain during the period under analysis – adds significant depth to the study. Findings highlight Spain's policy advancements in alignment with EU directives but reveal persistent hate crimes, xenophobia, Islamophobia, and digital discrimination. Gaps in data collection and policy implementation hinder effective responses. The study calls for a comprehensive migrant integration strategy, improved monitoring mechanisms, and stronger digital regulations to combat online hate speech, positioning Spain as a potential model for addressing systemic discrimination in Europe.
Molinero-Gerbeau et al. (2026) studied this question.