كروية الأرض بين الإسهام العلمي للحضارة الإسلامية والتطور الغربي: قراءة تاريخية تحليلية في ضوء اللغة القرآنية والإعجاز العلمي

Abstract This study examines the concept of the Earth’s sphericity from a historical, scientific, and linguistic perspective, tracing its development within Islamic civilization and comparing it with the later Western trajectory. The research demonstrates that Muslim scholars, from the early centuries of Islam, established the spherical nature of the Earth through precise astronomical, geodetic, and mathematical methods, grounded in observation and rational analysis, while remaining consistent with the Qur’anic cosmological indications. It further shows that these contributions preceded Western scientific acceptance by several centuries and significantly influenced the formation of geographical and astronomical knowledge during the European Renaissance. In a contemporary context, the study addresses the resurgence of flat Earth claims and provides a rigorous scientific refutation based on satellite imagery, physical laws, and principles of aerial and space navigation, highlighting the methodological flaws underlying such claims. The study concludes that the Islamic epistemological model—integrating revelation and reason—offers a coherent framework for understanding cosmic phenomena and countering modern pseudo-scientific narratives. Keywords: Earth’s sphericity, Islamic civilization, scientific exegesis, history of science, geodesy, flat Earth theory.