Abstract We present a minimal ontological framework derived from first principles using the analysis of degrees of freedom. By recognizing that electromagnetic behavior (E×B) represents a single behavioral degree of freedom for a photon that already exists in a 3-dimensional backdrop, we identify photons as emergent structures formed by two scalar fields coupling orthogonally. This naturally leads to three scalar fields as the minimal substrate required, producing exactly three independent, pairwise couplings. From this basis alone, applying simple permutation constraints: (1) the complete Standard Model particle spectrum emerges without free parameters—photon, W/Z bosons, gluons, quarks, leptons, and dark matter candidates all arise from counting allowed coupling configurations; (2) gravity emerges as matter-wave refraction in time gradients, validated by prior work (Czarnecka (3) quantum measurement, Pauli exclusion, and spin follow directly from wave geometry and incomplete observability; (4) dark matter corresponds to stable closures invisible to electromagnetic detection. The framework resolves longstanding conceptual puzzles while remaining compatible with established experimental results. No particles, forces, spacetime geometry, or quantum postulates are assumed as primitives—all structure emerges from coupled scalar propagation.
James Carl Ayoub (2026) studied this question.