Wide-scale adoption and projected growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitate research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high power, low-cost, and reliable charging solutions for the EV battery. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV off-board chargers that consist of ac-dc and dc-dc power stages from the power network to the EV battery. Although EV chargers are categorized into two types, namely, on-board and off-board chargers, it is essential to utilize off-board chargers for dc fast and ultra-fast charging so that volume and weight of EV can be reduced significantly. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art topologies and control methods of both ac-dc and dc-dc power stages for off-board chargers, focusing on technical details, ongoing progress, and challenges. In addition, most of the recent multiport EV chargers integrating PV, energy storage, EV, and grid are presented. Moreover, comparative analysis has been carried out for the topologies and the control schemes of ac-dc rectifiers, dc-dc converters, and multiport converters in terms of architecture, power and voltage levels, efficiency, bidirectionality, control variables, advantages, and disadvantages which can be used as a guideline for future research directions in EV charging solutions.
Safayatullah et al. (2022) studied this question.
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