Large language models (LLMs) are transforming research in psychology and the behavioral sciences by enabling advanced text analysis at scale. Their applications range from the analysis of social media posts to infer psychological traits to the automated scoring of open-ended survey responses. However, despite their potential, many behavioral scientists struggle to integrate LLMs into their research because of the complexity of text modeling. In this tutorial, we aim to provide an accessible introduction to LLM-based text analysis, focusing on the Transformer architecture. We guide researchers through the process of preparing text data, using pretrained Transformer models to generate text embeddings, fine-tuning models for specific tasks such as text classification, and applying interpretability methods, such as Shapley additive explanations and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations, to explain model predictions. By making these powerful techniques more approachable, we hope to empower behavioral scientists to leverage LLMs in their research, unlocking new opportunities for analyzing and interpreting textual data.
Rudolf et al. (2025) studied this question.