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February 2, 20260 citationsOpen Access

A Dual‑Orbit Refueling Architecture for Human Mars Missions (Version‑3)

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SNSiddhanta Kumar Nandi

Key Points

  • The study aims to develop a dual-orbit refueling system to improve the safety and reliability of human Mars missions.
  • Proposed a dual-orbit refueling framework for Mars missions.
  • Analyzed mission operations flow and trade-offs.
  • Compared the new architecture with traditional return strategies.
  • Demonstrated enhanced mission operations and flow.
  • Showed reduced risks to crew safety by separating surface commitment from propellant logistics.
  • Provided a technical reference for future discussions on Mars mission architecture.

Abstract

This record presents Version 3 of an independent technical study proposing a dual‑orbit refueling architecture for human Mars missions. Version 3 emphasizes mission operations flow, trade and sensitivity robustness, and comparison with common return strategies. The core concept treats Earth‑return propellant as verified orbital infrastructure prior to surface commitment, reducing coupling between surface outcomes and crew safety. Shared as an open technical reference for discussion and educational purposes.

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Cite This Study

Siddhanta Kumar Nandi (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6980ffa4c1c9540dea812438https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18436822
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