Flower constancy in pollinators: a bouquet of agendas shapes interactions among mutualistic partners

Abstract Plant–pollinator interactions have become a major research area because of their impact on key ecosystem services. One pollinator behaviour of particular importance is flower constancy, the tendency to temporarily focus on one flower species during a foraging trip, thereby promoting cross-pollination. The costs and benefits of flower constancy for plants and pollinators are varied, complex and far from understood. This review aims to synthesize studies spanning the last decades, from both plant and pollinator perspectives. Flower constancy is often viewed as an epiphenomenon of pollinator cognition, but there is increasing recognition that pollinators show remarkable behavioural flexibility in their flower choice, often in response to ecological and social factors. Plants usually benefit from flower constancy, which reduces pollen loss and interspecific pollen transfer. However, in some situations, pollinator inconstancy can be advantageous owing to increased visits from pollinators shared with co-flowering plants, a process called facilitation. The fitness consequences of pollinator behaviour for rare or invasive plants are intriguing yet little understood, with important implications for plant conservation. Rather than seeing flower constancy as a strategy imposed on pollinators by cognitive constraints, this review emphasises that plants and pollinators pursue varied agendas depending on their ecological context and lifestyle.