AbstractWhen heavy metals are exposed to stress, they declinate into molecular oxygens, releasing highly reactive transitional chemical products such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, all of which are classified as reactive oxygens. Heavy metal pollution is a serious global environmental problem because it disrupts plant growth and causes genetic dissimilarity. Heavy metals, both necessary and non-essential, have similar fatal effects on plants, such as poor biomass accretion, chlorosis, growth inhibition, photosynthetic inhibition, altered water balance and nutrient integration, and senescence, which ultimately leads to plant disease. The goal of the research was to look at the impacts of heavy metals on plants and biological systems, as well as remediation techniques. Precipitation, Biosorption, Ion Exchange, and Filtration are all efficient techniques for overcoming this issue, but they are not cost-effective. Phytoremediation was shown to be the most efficient and cost-effective method in this respect. Although bioremediation seems to be the greatest option, it does have certain drawbacks. In order to use this technique effectively, a longer study must be accompanied in order to decrease the constraint.
Das et al. (2021) studied this question.