Photocatalysis is a process in which a material utilizes light energy to degrade contaminants through oxidation reactions that decompose impurities upon contact with its surface. Titanium dioxide is one of the most widely used semiconductor materials due to its abundance, chemical stability, and non-toxicity. However, its relatively wide bandgap restricts its photocatalytic activity to the ultraviolet region of the solar spectrum, limiting its overall efficiency under natural sunlight. The incorporation of copper nanoparticles into the TiO2 matrix enhances light absorption by extending its activity into the visible range, thereby improving its energy conversion efficiency. In this study, undoped and Cu-doped TiO2 powders were synthesized using the mechanochemical method. The characteristics of the prepared photocatalyst material were determined by XRD, SEM, absorbance, and chemical analysis. XRD analysis showed the formation of TiO2 in its anatase and rutile phases. Sphere-like shapes with a size of 100 nm were inferred from SEM images. The photocatalytic tests revealed that the Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited high photocatalytic activity in degrading contaminated water. This enhancement can be attributed to the formation of oxygen vacancies, which promote the photodegradation of organic compounds.
Porras-Herrera et al. (2026) studied this question.