Description This work presents a process-based quantum framework in which causality, gravity, time, and three-dimensional space emerge from discrete quantum processes (P-tacts). A P-tact is defined as a minimal unit of quantum evolution combining a local superposition operation and an entangling unitary transformation. The global dynamics of a system is described as a graph of P-tacts, where causal order, branching, and relational structure arise intrinsically, without introducing an external time parameter. The framework demonstrates that causal branching appears first, followed by emergent quantum gravity as an effect of entanglement density and network connectivity. From this structure, relational time emerges as a discrete sequence of P-tacts, and only at later stages does three-dimensional space arise from the global topology of the process graph. Space, time, and gravity are thus shown to be mutually emergent properties of a single discrete quantum process network. This work directly builds upon the previously published concept of the quantum switch as an emergent process structure from discrete P-tacts (see Ref. 1) and extends it toward a unified description of spacetime emergence. The formalism provides a concrete realization of Everettian branching, making the many-worlds interpretation operational and graph-theoretic. The proposed framework connects quantum information theory, indefinite causal order, quantum gravity, and emergent spacetime, offering both conceptual clarity and experimental relevance. It is applicable to quantum switches, multi-qubit entanglement, quantum networks, and quantum simulations, and provides a testable route toward understanding spacetime as a derived structure rather than a fundamental background. Reference to previous foundational work: DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18498181.
Mikhail Pavlov (2026) studied this question.