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February 11, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Covering Smooth Numbers to Uncover Goldbach and Lemoine Representations

PUPeter Upham

Key Points

  • The research aims to prove the representations of even and odd integers as sums of prime numbers, following Goldbach and Lemoine conjectures.
  • Exact organization of candidate summands into partner-closed domains.
  • Reduction to show conditions forcing prime existence above a smoothness threshold.
  • Triple-modulus channel decomposition using inclusion-exclusion.
  • Application of arithmetic-progression bounds and overlap corrections.
  • Every odd integer above a threshold can be expressed as a sum of a prime and twice a prime (Lemoine).
  • Every even integer above a threshold can be expressed as a sum of two primes (Goldbach).
  • Established computable thresholds N0,L = 2×10^8 and N0,G = 6×10^16.
  • Combined analytic results with computational verifications for integers up to specified limits.

Abstract

We prove that every odd integer N ≥ N0, L is a sum of a prime and twice a prime (Lemoine), and that every even integer N ≥ N0, G is a sum of two primes (Goldbach), where N0, L and N0, G are explicit computable thresholds obtained from explicit prime-count estimates in arithmetic progressions. The argument proceeds in four stages: (i) an exact involutive (Goldbach) or affine (Lemoine) organization of candidate summands into partner-closed domains with monotone overlap counts; (ii) a near-critical reduction showing that representation failure in a near-critical window forces the existence of a prime exceeding a smoothness threshold; (iii) a deterministic triple-modulus channel decomposition (moduli 15, 77, and 1155) via exact inclusion–exclusion; and (iv) closure by a partner-admissibility squeeze combined with modulus-specific arithmetic-progression bounds of Bennett–Martin–O’Bryant–Rechnitzer and overlap corrections, yielding strict inequalities above computable thresholds. For Lemoine, the one-front modular decomposition yields the threshold N0, L = 2×10⁸. For Goldbach, the full modulus-specific density analysis yields N0, G = 6 ×10¹6. Combining these analytic results with published computational verifications up to 10¹3 in the odd case (Juhasz, et al. ) and up to 4 × 10¹8 in the even case (Oliveira e Silva, et al. ) yields the conjectures for all remaining integers. The analytic component requires no unproven hypotheses (e. g. GRH).

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Cite This Study

Peter Upham (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/698c1bdc267fb587c655de6dhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18521107
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