In recent years, Internet identity authentication has mainly relied on large identity providers. However, this centralised management of user data may lead to privacy risks. Self- Sovereign Identity (SSI) o!ers a user-centred, decentralised approach, handing over complete data control to users. However, its usability and user experience are rarely considered. This study aims to improve SSI usability for non-technical users through literature review, prototype design, and two rounds of user testing and interviews. Key usability challenges were identified, and the e!ects of specific interface features on user experience were analysed. Based on the findings, actionable design recommendations are proposed, providing practical guidance for the development of SSI applications.
Yujue Chen (2025) studied this question.