Purpose This study critically examines the claim that blockchain technology (BCT) can create a trustless system in supply chain management (SCM). It explores the nuanced relationship between trust and BCT, offering empirical insights into how trust is shaped when BCT is introduced in sustainability-oriented supply chains. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a multiple case study approach, the research investigates three blockchain initiatives in the steel, copper and mango supply chains. Drawing on 11 in-depth interviews and guided by the conceptualisations and frameworks in inter-organisational trust literature, the study analyses trust from two angles: trust in SC partners and trust in the technology itself. Findings The study shows that BCT cannot fully eliminate the need for trust in today’s supply chains. Instead, it changes how trust works, affecting both relationships between SC partners and trust in the technology itself. Openness and transparency are seen as key factors that build trust in the context of blockchain-based SCM, especially when used to support shared sustainability goals. Traditional elements of trust, such as competence, goodwill and integrity, are still important antecedents. At the same time, trust in the technology depends on how well it functions, how dependable it is and how helpful it proves to be. These dimensions influence whether Blockchain is adopted and also evolve as the technology is used. Practical implications The framework and research propositions developed in this study can help SC managers critically assess whether Blockchain is truly valuable for their operations rather than simply following the hype. Managers are offered practical methods to assess trust in both SC partners and the technology itself, especially during early proof of concepts or pilot projects. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by offering a multidimensional and reciprocal framework for understanding trust in Blockchain-enabled supply chains. It shows how trust flows both between partners and toward the technology itself. The framework is grounded in real-world cases and offers research propositions specifically relevant to SCM with a sustainability focus.
Batwa et al. (2026) studied this question.