Abstract The Lower Thermosphere–Ionosphere (LTI) is the interface region between the Earth’s atmosphere and space. It is modulated by the energy and momentum deposition from the magnetosphere above and by the impacting waves from the lower atmosphere. The LTI region is defined by the co-existence and interaction of neutral and ionized species within the region’s electric and magnetic fields. This interplay results in unique and complex interactions between neutrals and plasmas, that are not fully understood and quantified to this date. In this paper we present an overview of some of the most important open questions related to ion/neutral coupling and the resulting collisional electrodynamics, collisional energetics and collisional dynamics processes. We outline the key reasons for addressing these questions, and highlight methodologies that can lead to their closure in the upcoming years.
Sarris et al. (2026) studied this question.