Prognostic value of serum albumin and inflammatory markers for long-term all-cause mortality across the cardio–kidney–metabolic spectrum: a real-world cohort study

In this real-world cohort spanning the cardiorenal-metabolic spectrum, serum albumin emerged as a robust and independent protective prognostic marker for long-term all-cause mortality, even after adjustment for age, comorbidities, renal function, and inflammatory burden. Age and coronary artery disease consistently predicted mortality across all model specifications. These findings highlight the value of serum albumin as an integrative biomarker reflecting nutritional status, systemic inflammation, and disease severity, with potential implications for refined risk stratification in patients with complex cardiorenal-metabolic conditions. Routine assessment of serum albumin may support pragmatic prognostic stratification in cardiorenal-metabolic populations.