Traditional fluid network theory often underestimates pressure losses in complex pipe-bundle systems operating under vortex-dominated flow conditions, with deviations exceeding 20% in many cases. To address this limitation, this study proposes a vortex-based correction method. Three-dimensional simulations were performed on a multidirectional parallel pipe bundle to analyze vortex formation and to quantify the effects of fluid properties (viscosity and inlet velocity) and structural parameters (branch diameter, manifold cross-sectional ratio, and manifold arrangement) on pressure loss. To account for vortex-induced energy dissipation that is overlooked by conventional one-dimensional network models, an additional vortex-induced loss coefficient, α, is introduced to modify the pressure-loss formulation. Results indicate that higher viscosity, larger branch diameter, a higher manifold cross-sectional ratio, and a co-flow arrangement improve flow uniformity and prediction accuracy. Conversely, higher inlet velocities and counter-flow arrangements intensify vortex effects and increase prediction deviations. Least-squares fitting indicates that α ranges from 1.15 to 1.37. Implementation of the proposed correction reduces pressure-loss prediction errors to within 5%, demonstrating the method’s effectiveness and extending the applicability of fluid network theory to vortex-dominated flows.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.