Managing electronic waste (e-waste) in the Philippines is a critical challenge, no with roughly 80% handled by an informal sector using hazardous methods. This study develops a context-specific Circular Economy (CE) framework for urban Manila by quantifying the behavioral, institutional, and socio-economic factors influencing recycling efficiency. Using a hybrid methodology, quantitative data were collected from 435 informal recyclers. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) supported 16 of 18 hypothesized pathways from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), though Perceived Behavioral Control did not directly affect Intention. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) sensitivity analysis identified economic factors, Income Level (84.01%) and Financial Incentives (82.86%), as the dominant predictors of behavior, followed by the Cultural–Cognitive Pillar (80.98%). This necessitates modifying the TPB for subsistence economies, where economic survival acts as a super-moderator. The resulting CE framework mandates inclusive policies, prioritizing “Economic First Interventions” like buy-back schemes to equitably integrate informal recyclers into formal Extended Producer Responsibility systems.
Kudhal et al. (2026) studied this question.