Solar power is one of the most important renewable sources of energy; therefore, effectively utilising solar energy is vital for sustainable development. Optimising panel orientation for maximum sunlight exposure is crucial for improving energy yield. This paper explores the communication, control and optimisation of photovoltaic (PV) systems utilising a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) framework, specifically emphasising the identification of optimal tilt and azimuth angles for solar panels under different conditions. In contrast to traditional studies that depend on fixed assumptions or broad models, this research integrates high-resolution meteorological data with dynamic modelling to accurately represent the actual performance of PV systems amid varying weather, seasonal changes and operational limitations. The research emphasises that economic considerations are essential, while dual-axis systems yield the best production, fixed and seasonally adjustable systems may offer superior value in some circumstances. The suggested method also underscores the economic trade-offs where dual-axis systems optimise output, fixed and seasonally adjustable systems might provide superior cost-to-benefit ratios in specific situations.
Shrestha et al. (2026) studied this question.