Objective: Since specific bioelectrical reference values for Italian adults are lacking, this study aims to define specific values and test their suitability in pathological cases and athletes. Methods: A sample of 1049 Italian individuals (441 men, 608 women) aged 30–65 years was considered. Competitive athletes (bodybuilding, streetlifting and tennis) were identified within the general sample, and an independent group of individuals with obesity or anorexia nervosa was analyzed for comparison. Anthropometric (weight, kg; stature, mid-upper arm, waist and calf circumferences; cm) and bioelectrical (resistance and reactance, at 50 kHz) variables were taken. Resistivity, (Rsp, Ωcm), reactivity (Xcsp, Ωcm), impedivity (Zsp, Ωcm) and phase angle (PhA, °) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Hotelling’s T2 test were applied to assess group differences. These data were then pooled with existing datasets to create a comprehensive reference for individuals aged 18 to 100 years. Results: The specific bioelectrical variables were: Rsp = 352.3 ± 55.5, Xcsp = 41.8 ± 9.1, PhA = 6.8 ± 1.0, r (Rsp, Xcsp) = 0.67 (men); Rsp = 384.9 ± 71.2, Xcsp = 40.7 ± 9.4, PhA = 6.1 ± 1.0, r (Rsp, Xcsp) = 0.72 (women). Men showed higher PhA values (p < 0.001), reflecting higher muscle mass and quality, and shorter vectors (p < 0.001), indicative of lower relative fat mass (FM%), than women. Advancing age was associated with lower PhA and longer vectors (p < 0.001). Bioelectrical vectors of individuals with obesity or anorexia nervosa were outside the 95% variability, indicating abnormal values of FM%, whereas those of athletes fell within the lower left quadrant. Conclusions: The specific tolerance ellipses for the Italian adult population fill a gap in the existing literature, providing essential new tools for evaluating body composition in clinical and sports settings, and for comparative analyses.
Frau et al. (2026) studied this question.