Although the literature is limited on aviation-relevant tasks, there is strong support for activation patterns in the parietal and frontal lobes for orientation. This provides a starting point for experimental studies to further capture what patterns can be detected from neurophysiology when disorientation is experienced. Further research on aviation applications and using consistent measures is needed to further develop this area of research. Feltman KA, Wilkins J, Persson I, Stonehouse S. Neurophysiological measures to detect spatial disorientation. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2026; 97(3):194-203.
Feltman et al. (2026) studied this question.