Rural clinics in Nigeria often face challenges related to resource allocation and infrastructure, which can affect their ability to deliver consistent clinical outcomes. A longitudinal study employing a DiD model will be conducted. The study design will include pre- and post-periods to identify treatment effects without random assignment. Proportion of clinics achieving baseline quality standards increased from 30% in the pre-period to 55% in the post-period, indicating a significant improvement over time. The DiD model successfully captured changes in clinical performance across rural clinics, demonstrating its utility for future evaluations. Future studies should consider additional qualitative dimensions and explore scalability of observed improvements. Treatment effect was estimated with logit (pᵢ) =₀+^ Xᵢ, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.
Ifokwe et al. (2000) studied this question.