In massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), complex social environments exist in which cooperation is central not only to playing the game but also to experiencing it as an individual player. The growth of multiplayer games that emphasise cooperative activities in computer-based environments has sparked academic interest in collaboration and its role in the field, engaging scholars from domains such as human–computer interaction and digital entertainment. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis of 70 peer-reviewed journal papers published between 2015 and 2024. This data is derived from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This literature review contributes to the understanding of collaborative factors in MMOGs, which include task interdependence, communication, trust, leadership, and player behaviour. The review is in the field using bibliometrics. To present the findings, we construct an input–process–output (IPO) model that links game features (inputs) and interaction dynamics (processes) to team performance and player experience (outputs) in MMOGs. This review maps the field’s dominant factors (task interdependence, communication, trust, leadership, and player behaviour), pinpoints methodological priorities, and sets a concrete agenda for future research on team collaboration in MMOGs.
Gong et al. (2026) studied this question.