Background: Clinicians rely on clinical judgement and vital sign monitoring to identify patient deterioration, commonly supported by systems such as the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2). However, NEWS2 is associated with a high false-positive burden, contributing to alert fatigue in increasingly pressured clinical environments. Consequently, there is a growing need for early warning systems (EWS) that not only detect deterioration but do so with higher precision to prioritise clinically meaningful alerts. We aimed to develop and validate a prognostic EWS capable of predicting real-time clinical deterioration in hospitalised adult patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study using routinely collected Electronic Patient Record (EPR) data. A Cox proportional hazards model with time-varying covariates was developed to estimate dynamic risk of deterioration. Deterioration was defined as unplanned transfer to intensive care, unplanned surgery, or in-hospital death. Data for model development comprised 37,989 adult inpatient episodes admitted between January 2022 and October 2024, and were initially split into training, temporal validation and test datasets. An extended evaluation period included 11,048 patients admitted through September 2025. Model performance was compared with NEWS2 at the emergency-response threshold (≥7). Results: The final model produced a tiered “traffic-light” risk profile and demonstrated substantially higher precision than NEWS2 while maintaining comparable recall in our test data. At the red alert threshold, precision was 60% compared with 16% for NEWS2 ≥7, with 82% versus 43% of alerts occurring within 24 h of deterioration. Performance remained consistent across the extended evaluation period. Conclusions: A survival-based EWS incorporating time-varying covariates achieved higher precision and improved temporal alignment with deterioration events compared with NEWS2. A tiered amber–red alert framework may support more targeted escalation, reduce alert fatigue, and enhance early identification of clinical deterioration.
Joshi et al. (2026) studied this question.