The problem of a U(1) U ( 1 ) gauge field coupled to fermions in (2+1) dimensions is of fundamental importance, as it is believed to give rise to U(1) U ( 1 ) Dirac spin liquid (DSL) state in quantum magnets and the strongly coupled conformal field theory in quantum electrodynamics. However, numerical progress has long been hampered by the steep computational cost of traditional determinant quantum Monte Carlo (QMC). Here, we develop a GPU-accelerated hybrid QMC algorithm assisted with several novel technical improvements, which significantly reduces the complexity to be linear with respect to space-time volume, and scales the simulation up to an unprecedented size. At this scale, we observe asymptotic convergence of fermion bilinear correlator and conserved current correlator, which was unclear previously, and find their scaling dimensions in good agreement with field theory, which supports the conformal nature of the Dirac spin liquid. Our advances establish a scalable framework to study DSL physics and its transitions at larger scales.
Feng et al. (2026) studied this question.