Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Drug-Induced Lipoxin Synthesis in Glaucoma Treatment

Synthetic prostaglandin analogues, such as latanoprost, are first-line treatments to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in the management of glaucoma, treating millions of patients daily. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, characterized by progressive optic neuropathy, with elevated IOP being the sole modifiable risk factor. Despite this importance, the underlying latanoprost mechanism of action is still not well defined, being associated with both acute and long term activities, and a growing list of ocular side effects. Prostaglandins are eicosanoid lipid mediators. Yet, there has not been a comprehensive assessment of small lipid mediators in glaucomatous eyes. Here we performed a lipidomic screen of aqueous humour sampled from glaucoma patients and healthy control eyes. The resulting signature was surprisingly focused on significantly elevated levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and its derivative, the ant-inflammatory and cytoprotective mediator, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in glaucoma eyes. Subsequent experiments reveal that this response is drug-induced, due to latanoprost actions on trabecular meshwork cells, rather than a consequence of elevated IOP. We demonstrate that increased LXA4 inhibits pro-inflammatory cues and promotes TGF-β production in the anterior chamber. In concert, an autocrine prostaglandin circuit mediates canonical rapid IOP-lowering. This work reveals parallel mechanisms underlying acute and long-term latanoprost activities during glaucoma treatment.