Off-grid community systems in South Africa face challenges related to energy efficiency and sustainability. A mixed methods study combining quantitative (multilevel regression) and qualitative (focus group discussions) approaches was employed. Data on energy usage patterns and community feedback were collected from multiple levels to evaluate system effectiveness. The multilevel regression analysis revealed a significant correlation (R² = 0. 75, p < 0. 01) between the number of solar panels installed and the efficiency gains in energy usage among off-grid communities, with an estimated mean improvement of 30%. The study confirmed that multilevel regression analysis is a robust method for evaluating energy system performance at various levels within South African communities. Further research should focus on policy implications and implementation strategies to maximise the efficiency gains observed in this study. Off-grid systems, Multilevel regression, Energy efficiency, Community feedback, South Africa
Sithole et al. (2005) studied this question.