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March 3, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Sports Betting Apps as Void Objects: Opacity, Engagement Engineering, and Problem Gambling Rates — A Within-Domain Spearman Convergence

AEAnthony W. Eckert

Key Points

  • The research examines the relationship between sports betting app features and documented problem gambling rates.
  • Scored twelve major sports betting platforms on O (algorithmic odds opacity), R (real-time engagement), and C (promotional lock-in)
  • Calculated Spearman ρ correlation between the Void Index and problem gambling rates from various sources
  • Analyzed convergence of gambling metrics within the mobile sports betting domain
  • Identified significant correlations between app features and higher problem gambling rates
  • Documented issues related to engagement strategies leading to increased gambling risks
  • Highlighted the relevance of these findings for EU Gambling Act reforms and Dutch KSA enforcement

Abstract

Twelve major sports betting platforms scored on O (algorithmic odds opacity), R (real-time personalized engagement), and C (promotional lock-in, withdrawal friction). Spearman ρ between Void Index and documented problem gambling rates from UK Gambling Commission, NCPG, and JAMA literature. Within-domain convergence extending the gambling anchor to the mobile sports betting form. EU Gambling Act reform and Dutch KSA enforcement relevance.

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Cite This Study

Anthony W. Eckert (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69a67f12f353c071a6f0afc9https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18826449
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