Purpose This study aims to examine how training quality (TQ) in Pakistan’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) system translates into sustainable livelihood (SL) outcomes. It tests an integrated model based on the sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF), incorporating mediation, moderation and direct effects. Design/methodology/approach A structured survey of 396 TVET graduates was analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Purposive sampling ensured contextual heterogeneity across gender, location and institution type. Findings TQ influences SLs indirectly through skill acquisition and, more strongly, through market linkages. Support networks have a significant direct effect, while socio-cultural barriers meaningfully weaken the primary pathways from training to livelihoods. Originality/value The study provides an empirically tested, integrated SLF model that highlights relational and contextual drivers in fragmented systems. It offers policymakers a diagnostic framework for moving beyond input-focused TVET reforms toward integrated support, market alignment and culturally responsive design in Pakistan and similar Global South contexts.
Syed et al. (2026) studied this question.