The photophysics of carotenoids has long been obscured by the elusive assignment of their low-lying excited states, particularly the origin of the so-called S* feature. Using mixed-reference spin-flip time-dependent density functional theory (MRSF-TDDFT) combined with nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NAMD), we uncover geometry-dependent reordering of the bright 11Bu+ and dark 21Ag- states in both polyenes and lutein. Upon slight excited-state geometric relaxation, the 11Bu+ state initially lies below the 21Ag- state. Subsequent BLA-driven internal conversion then drives the system toward the 21Ag- minimum region, where the energetic ordering is reversed and the 21Ag- state becomes lower than the 11Bu+ state. NAMD trajectories of lutein further capture the ultrafast dynamic interconversion equilibrium between 11Bu+ and 21Ag-, indicating their coexistence during the early stages of photoexcitation. Within this framework, excited-state absorption (ESA) simulations of lutein indicate that the intense low-energy transient band, traditionally assigned to S1 with the 21Ag- character, instead arises from a minor residual population with the 11Bu+ character, whereas the weaker, higher energy band previously assigned to S* originates from the global-minimum 21Ag,min- structure and is dominated by the 21Ag- character. This reinterpretation naturally resolves several puzzling experimental observations. Thus, the geometry-sensitive state ordering and the coexistence model established through internal conversion equilibrium open a new avenue for understanding the fundamental features of these systems and provide a fresh framework for interpreting experimental observations.
Farmani et al. (2026) studied this question.