Enhanced degradation of phenol via a zero-valent iron – sodium percarbonate (ZVI-SPC) Fenton-like system: toward environmentally relevant water treatment conditions

This work reports the fundamentals about the performance of a Fenton-like system based on zero-valent iron (ZVI) and sodium percarbonate (SPC), employing phenol (5 – 50 μM) as model contaminant. The influence of operational parameters (pH, temperature, initial SPC concentration, and ZVI amount), as well as the effect of common water constituents and selective scavengers, were systematically studied and compared with the performance of the ZVI-H 2 O 2 treatment. At pH 4.0 and room temperature, the CO 2 * (i.e., CO 2(aq) and the unstable species H 2 CO 3 ) from SPC promoted the corrosion of ZVI, yielding faster phenol oxidation rates with ZVI-SPC than with ZVI-H 2 O 2 . This effect is diminished with acidic conditions or elevated temperatures, due to the lower CO 2 * in solution. Regarding the effects of anions and humic acids (investigated as water-matrix components), no appreciable negative effects were observed, except for H 2 PO 4 − that would hinder the process through the formation of insoluble FePO 4(s) and concomitant ZVI passivation. Scavenger experiments revealed that hydroxyl radicals (HO • ) were the predominant reactive species, followed by carbonate radicals (CO 3 •− ). Overall, the ZVI-SPC process demonstrated higher or equal performance than traditional ZVI-H 2 O 2 systems, which warrants further investigations into a promising, low-cost, and safer alternative that could potentially remove emerging contaminants under near-environmental conditions. • A zerovalent iron–sodium percarbonate (ZVI-SPC) Fenton-like system was studied. • ZVI-SPC achieved faster phenol degradation than ZVI–H 2 O 2 under mildly acidic conditions. • Inorganic carbon enhanced ZVI corrosion and iron availability, boosting phenol abatements. • Hydroxyl radicals were the dominant reactive species. • Carbonate radicals played a secondary but significant role.