In this paper, we present a miniaturized hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) framework designed for the validation of battery management systems (BMS) in electric vehicles (EVs). The framework combines a hardware battery simulator, a motor-driving circuit, and a control computer to replicate realistic driving conditions in a safe and efficient manner. The BMS under test adopts a hybrid algorithm that integrates coulomb counting with open-circuit voltage (OCV) estimation. Validation experiments were carried out using international driving cycles, including US06, UDDS, HWFET, WLTP, EUDC, and J1015. Our experimental analysis demonstrated that the proposed framework, incorporating the Target BMS algorithm, successfully identified cumulative SOC estimation errors under load conditions. Furthermore, this revealed limitations that cannot be fully detected through software simulation alone. These findings suggest that the proposed HIL approach can shorten development time, reduce cost, and improve safety, while also providing a scalable foundation for future BMS research.
Kim et al. (2026) studied this question.