ABSTRACT Integrated energy systems (IES) facilitate multi‐energy complementarity and efficient energy utilisation. This study focuses on IES with electricity, heating, cooling and hydrogen loads. Firstly, the operation characteristics of three diversified hydrogen utilisation approaches are considered: hydrogen storage, hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen blending in gas turbines. Secondly, an optimal scheduling model is established with the objective of minimising the total operational cost for the hydrogen‐containing IES, and the uncertainty of PV and WT power is taken into account to avoid the supply‐demand imbalance and enhance the system robustness. Thirdly, the constructed mixed‐integer programming (MIP) model is solved using the CPLEX solver. Case studies indicate that the proposed method can achieve a balance between system energy consumption, carbon emissions and operational economy. Increasing the hydrogen blending ratio in gas turbines effectively reduces carbon emissions but may decrease energy conversion efficiency. Reducing the peak‐valley electricity price gap and the unit price of natural gas helps improve economic and reduce carbon emissions.
Xie et al. (2026) studied this question.