This article develops a constructivist–realist framework to analyze how challengers operate under regime uncertainty in electoral autocracies, using contemporary Hungary as a crucial case. Building on theories of democratic resilience, opposition strategies, and political polarization, it introduces a nuanced conceptual framework for classifying democratic and polarization counterstrategies, focusing on how opposition actors interpret their environment and adjust their tactics. The approach advances a typology of opposition strategies ranging from conventional institutional adaptation to disruptive extra-institutional rupture, showing how democratizing movements often combine modalities across electoral, civic, and symbolic arenas. Empirically, the study contrasts the established opposition in Hungarian politics, which relied on incoherent mixes of parliamentary protest, ad hoc extraordinary gestures, and strategies of reciprocal polarization or passive depolarization, with the new trajectory opened by Péter Magyar and his TISZA Party. TISZA’s rise in 2024 marked a rupture: through norm-breaking institutional challenge, grassroots mobilization, and transformative repolarization, it built a cross-cutting coalition that disrupted the regime’s stability. Yet this breakthrough provoked fierce backlash, as the government escalated “traitor” discourse and signaled readiness to foreclose competition. The Hungarian case demonstrates both the potential and fragility of a norm-breaking challenger’s transformative repolarization in hybrid regimes, offering broader insights into the prospects and limits of democratic resilience under authoritarian pressure.
István Benedek (2026) studied this question.