Oculoplastic reconstruction, particularly of the eyelids and orbit, demands materials that are both functionally effective and biologically compatible. Traditional grafts such as dermis-fat, fascia lata, and cartilage have long been the cornerstone of reconstructive approaches. However, the field has witnessed a paradigm shift with the advent of advanced biomaterials and smart scaffolds. These include synthetic implants such as porous polyethylene and titanium mesh, biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone, and bioengineered tissue scaffolds capable of integrating with host tissues and promoting regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of biomaterials used in eyelid and orbital reconstruction, discussing their composition, clinical applications, advantages, and limitations. Special emphasis is placed on emerging technologies, including three-dimensional-printed, patient-specific implants, nanomaterials, and drug-eluting scaffolds. Comparative outcomes in terms of integration, infection risk, extrusion, and long-term biocompatibility are examined based on current clinical evidence. Challenges such as cost, accessibility in resource-limited settings, and the need for long-term safety data are addressed. The review also explores the potential of regenerative scaffolds and stem-cell-seeded matrices in future practice. By tracing the evolution from autologous grafts to intelligent biomaterials, this article highlights how biomaterial science is redefining the landscape of oculoplastic reconstruction, offering more tailored, durable, and esthetic outcomes for patients.
Harshika et al. (2026) studied this question.