Pursuit of Neurotherapeutics in Alzheimer’s Treatment - A Comprehensive Review

Introduction: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide, characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, behavioral changes, and communication impairments. It presents a significant public health burden with social, economic, and healthcare implications. Despite extensive research, its etiology remains incompletely understood, necessitating therapeutic strategies rooted in pathological mechanisms. Methods: This study explores the pathological features of AD, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic deficits. It also examines the role of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors, acetylcholine receptors, NMDA receptors, and insulin receptors in cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative pathways. A comprehensive review of current and emerging treatment strategies targeting cholinergic and glutamate pathways is conducted. Results: The pathological hallmark of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, leading to neuronal dysfunction. Current treatment strategies focus on cholinergic and glutamate pathways, while monoclonal antibodies, anti-inflammatory agents, neuroprotective compounds, and stem cell-based therapies show promise in addressing disease progression. Lifestyle interventions and risk reduction strategies are also considered viable approaches. Discussion: Challenges persist in effectively reducing amyloid-beta plaque formation and tau protein aggregation. Despite ongoing advancements, the complexity of AD pathology necessitates further exploration into its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: This study provides insights into AD pathology and therapeutic advancements, offering a foundation for future neurotherapeutic research. Continued investigation is essential to develop effective treatments for this debilitating disease.