ABSTRACT Background The clinical translation of small‐diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) is still limited due to severe complications, including thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and arteriosclerosis, commonly associated with synthetic polymer‐based grafts. To address these challenges, combining synthetic polymers with naturally derived extracellular matrices (ECMs) offers a promising strategy to enhance biofunctionality and remodeling potential. Method This study developed a composite vascular graft by electrospinning a polycaprolactone (PCL) fibrous outer layer onto decellularized porcine femoral aorta extracellular matrix (PECM), generating a hybrid PCL‐PECM graft. Decellularization was validated using H&E staining and DNA quantification, ensuring effective cellular removal without compromising protein content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the interface between PCL and PECM. Mechanical properties were assessed via tensile testing. Hemocompatibility was evaluated by hemolysis testing and blood clotting index (%BCI). In vitro biocompatibility was assessed using cell culture assays, and in vivo remodeling was evaluated through subcutaneous implantation in a rat model, followed by histological analysis. Results H&E staining and DNA analysis confirmed complete decellularization. SEM images revealed no delamination between layers, and the PCL layer significantly enhanced the mechanical strength of the graft. Hemolysis ratio remained below 5%, and %BCI exceeded 80%, indicating excellent hemocompatibility. In vitro studies confirmed cytocompatibility, while histological staining of explanted grafts showed robust cell infiltration and ECM remodeling. Conclusion The PCL‐PECM vascular graft demonstrates excellent structural integrity, mechanical performance, hemocompatibility, and remodeling potential, indicating its promise as a next‐generation SDVG.
Lee et al. (2026) studied this question.