This study systematically analysed various parameters affecting the efficiency of FTO/TiO2/ MASnI3/WSe2/Au photovoltaic solar cell using the SCAPS-1D simulator. Key parameters included layer thickness, defect densities, quantum efficiency and metal electrode work function. In this solar cell arrangement, WSe3 is the HTL, MASnI3 is the PAL, and TiO2 is the ETL. This optimization enhanced the power conversion efficiency (PCE) 24.55% (800 nm), increasing the tin-based perovskite solar cells’ efficiency. When Voc, Jsc, and FF were optimised, efficiency is maximised, indicating the cell’s capacity to efficiently convert sunlight into electricity with low losses.
Sharma et al. (2026) studied this question.