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March 17, 20260 citationsOpen Access

An Exact Arithmetic Invariant Linking the Kaprekar Constants 495 and 6174

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LBLaurent Bucher

Key Points

  • The aim is to explore an exact arithmetic invariant connecting the Kaprekar constants 495 and 6174.
  • Analysis through factorization and ratio methods
  • Investigating structural relationships
  • Examining fixed points of Kaprekar routines
  • Reveals an exact invariant linking the two Kaprekar constants
  • Establishes a structural relationship independent of classical methods
  • Provides new insights into the nature of Kaprekar constants

Abstract

This note presents an exact arithmetic invariant linking the Kaprekar constants 495 and 6174 through factorization and ratio analysis. The result reveals a rigid structural relation between the unique fixed points of the 3-digit and 4-digit Kaprekar routines, independent of the classical iterative process. To the best of the author's knowledge, this invariant relation does not appear in the existing literature. The work highlights a direct arithmetic correspondence that may contribute to the structural understanding of Kaprekar constants in recreational number theory.

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Cite This Study

Laurent Bucher (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69b8f13ddeb47d591b8c647fhttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19037232
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