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March 18, 2026Annals of Pediatric Cardiology0 citationsOpen Access

A rare variant of mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with a garland configuration of the azygous system: Expanding the spectrum of anatomical variants

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CSChigurupati Bharat SiddharthPDPavan Kumar DammalapatiVSVenkata Rama Muddana Subramanyam

Key Points

  • To describe a rare variant of mixed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and its anatomical features.
  • Identification of an unusual mixed TAPVC variant
  • Detailed anatomical assessment of venous drainage patterns
  • Comparative analysis with known TAPVC classifications
  • An exceptionally rare mixed TAPVC with a 2 + 2 drainage pattern was observed.
  • The hemiazygos vein drains into the innominate vein, resulting in a garland configuration.

Abstract

Mixed-type total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is the least common variant in Darling’s classification and is further subdivided into three distinct subtypes. We report an exceptionally rare mixed TAPVC with a 2 + 2 drainage pattern, associated with an unusual venous anomaly in which the hemiazygos vein drains into the innominate vein, forming a characteristic “garland” configuration.

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Cite This Study

Siddharth et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69ba434a4e9516ffd37a45a7https://doi.org/10.4103/apc.apc_285_25
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