Abstract This paper develops a prior-free model of data-driven decision making in which the decision maker observes the entire distribution of signals generated by a known experiment under an unknown distribution of the state variable and evaluates actions according to their worst-case payoff over the set of state distributions consistent with that observation. We propose a ranking of experiments in which E is robustly more informative than E' E ′ if the value of the decision maker’s problem after observing E is always at least as high as the value of the decision maker’s problem after observing E'. E ′. This comparison, which is strictly weaker than Blackwell’s classical order, holds if and only if the null space of E is contained in the null space of E'. E ′.
Maxwell Rosenthal (2026) studied this question.