Microwave interferometry is a reliable, well established, and non-perturbing method to measure the line-integrated electron density of a non-uniform plasma through the phase shift of a wave that propagates the plasma medium. In this paper we combine the phase shift and the attenuation of the wave to experimentally extract both, the line-integrated density and the electron–neutral collision frequency of an atmospheric plasma torch. In addition, a novel method to obtain the 2D spatial plasma density profile of the torch is demonstrated by measuring the microwave power, without any information of the phase. The receiving antenna of the interferometer is moved perpendicularly to the axis of the torch and measures the spatial distribution of the microwave power. The wave is scattered by the plasma and the scattering profile depends on the plasma density profile. Direct comparison of this scattering profile with 3D full-wave simulations provides information on the electron number density profile of the plasma torch.
Vagkidis et al. (2025) studied this question.