This study examines cross-outlet framing divergence across 8 major US news outlets using a Structured Framing Protocol (SFP) applied to 4,482 headlines. We find significant divergence on Emotional Register (all non-wire outlets, d=0.47–0.83) while Political Orientation shows the weakest effects (3 of 6 outlets non-significant). Prestige outlets (NYT, WaPo, WSJ) diverge substantially from wire norms on emotional dimensions (d=0.57–0.59) despite public perceptions of neutrality. Israel-Palestine coverage shows 2.2x higher between-outlet divergence versus non-Israel world news. The NYT framing of Israel-Palestine coverage is statistically closer to Fox News than to Reuters wire baselines.
Penelope Lawrence (2026) studied this question.