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March 24, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Lepton Mass Hierarchy from the Quaternionic Dirac Equation in Warped Internal Space: A Z₂ Parity Derivation

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LMLuqman Omar Mahmood

Key Points

  • This research aims to derive the charged lepton mass hierarchy using a quaternionic formulation of the Dirac equation in a warped internal space.
  • Defined a quaternionic Dirac equation on a warped internal space S³
  • Analyzed the impact of a Higgs condensate VEV on lepton masses
  • Derived the Yukawa matrix structure from a Z₂ selection rule
  • Calculated fermion overlaps with an IR-localized Higgs
  • Extended the framework to quarks and derived the Cabibbo angle
  • Successfully reproduced m_tau/m_e = 3477.4 with 0.006% error compared to PDG
  • Achieved m_mu/m_e = 206.6 with 0.1% error compared to PDG
  • Determined the small parameter delta = 0.003737 uniquely
  • Established Yukawa matrix structure from the Lagrangian
  • Derived Cabibbo angle as sqrt(m_d/m_s) = 0.2236 with 0.31% match

Abstract

We derive the charged lepton mass hierarchy from a quaternionic Dirac equation defined on a warped internal space S³. The Higgs condensate VEV selects a preferred direction in the quaternionic internal space, defining a Z₂ parity symmetry under which spinor spherical harmonics split into even-parity (j=1/2 and j=5/2) and odd-parity (j=3/2) sectors. The condensate interaction conserves this parity, forcing the Yukawa matrix to be block-diagonal: a 2×2 seesaw block coupling the electron and tau (even parity), and a decoupled 1×1 entry for the muon (odd parity). In a Randall-Sundrum warped geometry identified with the vacuum condensate's bulk-to-shear modulus ratio R = kappa/mu = 10. 9026, the overlap integrals of fermion profiles with the IR-localized Higgs yield matrix entries R and sqrt (R) for the even-parity block, with the muon entry given exactly by 1/sqrt (2) (proven analytically from the bulk mass parameter c₂ = 1/2 + ln2/ (4 ln R) ). The resulting eigenvalue condition uniquely determines the remaining small parameter delta = 0. 003737 with no additional freedom. All three charged lepton mass ratios are reproduced: mₜau/mₑ = 3477. 4 (PDG: 3477. 2, 0. 006% error) and mₘu/mₑ = 206. 6 (PDG: 206. 8, 0. 1% error), from the single parameter R derived in Paper I from the fine structure constant. This derivation answers the critique that the mass formula of Papers I-III was empirical numerology: the Yukawa matrix structure emerges from the Lagrangian through the Z₂ selection rule, and the hierarchy emerges from the warped geometry. We extend the framework to quarks via the color Casimir and derive the Cabibbo angle as sqrt (md/mₛ) = 0. 2236 (0. 31% match). The Z₂ parity insight was developed in collaboration with the DeepSeek AI system.

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Luqman Omar Mahmood (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69c229a5aeb5a845df0d46dchttps://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19160709
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