Nicotine addiction is a major contributor to preventable morbidity and mortality globally, forming the biological basis of the tobacco pandemic. Despite the availability of nicotine replacement therapies and behavioral interventions, relapse rates remain high due to nicotine’s profound impact on neurochemical reward pathways. To explore and review novel and emerging treatment modalities that target nicotine dependence through advanced neuroscientific and biotechnological interventions, a narrative review approach was adopted to analyze and synthesize the current literature on innovative therapeutic strategies, including nicotine vaccines, CRISPR gene modulation, psychedelic-assisted therapy, and brain-computer interface applications. The focus was on interventions targeting the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems involved in addiction. Emerging modalities show promise in not only antagonizing nicotine’s pharmacological effects but also in rewiring brain circuits responsible for reward and reinforcement. Techniques such as gene editing and neurotechnology are being investigated for their potential to disrupt the addictive cycle at a molecular and systems level. Advances in neuroscience, pharmacology, and bioengineering present a transformative potential to overcome nicotine addiction. These futuristic strategies, although currently experimental, provide a scientifically grounded roadmap for making nicotine both physiologically ineffective and psychologically irrelevant.
Deshmukh et al. (2026) studied this question.