Remineralization Efficacy of Magnetic Nanoparticle Incorporated Nanohydroxyapatite and Its Combination with Calcium Phosphate Ion Clusters on Enamel

Introduction: The management of enamel caries lesions has undergone a paradigm shift, focusing on early detection and noninvasive approaches, driven by advancements in remineralizing agents. This study evaluates the effect of a magnetic field on enamel remineralization using magnetic nanoparticle incorporated nanohydroxyapatite (MNHAP) and its combination with calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs). Materials and Methods: Fifty extracted human mandibular molars were selected. After sectioning the samples with a diamond disc, 4 × 4 mm windows were created on the enamel surface. The samples were divided into four groups: Group A: control, Group B: NHAP, Group C: MNHAP, and Group D: CPIC + MNHAP. XRD analysis was performed to analyze the structure and phase of the particles for Group D. Vickers microhardness testing was conducted to evaluate enamel hardness. HRTEM was used to assess particle morphology, while SEM-EDX was employed to examine surface morphology and elemental composition. AFM was used to evaluate surface roughness across the different treatment groups. Results: Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons with Tukey’s post hoc test. Within-group comparisons were done using the paired sample t -test. A statistically significant difference was observed in microhardness before and after demineralization and following the application of remineralizing agents in each group. Significant differences were also noted in the mean Ca:P ratio and surface roughness among the groups. HRTEM analysis confirmed the crystallinity of particles in each group. Conclusions: MNHAP, as well as its combination with CPICs, has shown enhanced remineralization in the presence of a magnetic field.