ABSTRACT Based on the formulation, this paper presents a two‐phase smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework for modeling the coupled flow‐deformation interactions and large deformation behavior in saturated porous media. The pore water pressure is advanced under weak compressibility via the pressure evolution equation, and the seepage velocity obeys Darcy's law as a primary variable, thus facilitating boundary conditions. To enhance accuracy and numerical robustness, the enhanced finite particle method (FPM) discretization and pressure diffusion stabilization are introduced. Then, we test the framework on four standard problems: Terzaghi's 1D consolidation, a 2D strip‐loading seepage case, self‐weight collapse of a saturated block, and saturated granular‐column collapse. These tests check the boundary handling, pressure‐field accuracy, and control of spurious oscillations. In all cases, the results agree with the references; the near‐boundary solution is better behaved, and pressure oscillations are reduced, especially for low permeability or a large water bulk modulus. Furthermore, the favorable numerical results suggest the potential applicability of the proposed framework to real‐world problems, such as landslides and debris flows.
Tong et al. (2026) studied this question.