Abstract Natural Language Processing (NLP) has emerged as a transformative force across multiple domains, enhancing communication, automation, and decision-making. This review synthesizes recent advancements in NLP, with a particular focus on machine translation, bias detection, sentiment analysis, and AI-driven chatbots. The integration of artificial intelligence has significantly improved machine translation accuracy, yet challenges such as algorithmic bias and ethical considerations persist. Studies also highlight NLP’s role in cross-cultural communication, information retrieval, and big data analytics, particularly in developing economies. Furthermore, research on Large Language Models (LLMs) underscores both their potential in automating knowledge retrieval and their susceptibility to adversarial manipulation. Additionally, NLP applications in education, healthcare, and urban planning demonstrate their expanding influence in real-world scenarios. However, concerns regarding data privacy, transparency, and inclusivity remain pressing issues. By evaluating current methodologies, challenges, and future directions, this review underscores the need for ethical AI development and the continuous refinement of NLP models to foster responsible and inclusive digital transformation.
Abdullah et al. (2025) studied this question.